Lafcadio Hearn arrived in spring 1890 in Yokohama. He wanted to his employer, the Harper's Magazine, a series of articles on Japan to write about life and customs in Japan. However, broke off the contact between Hearn and the Journal, he fell out with his photographer and was now without money and friends in an unfamiliar country.
Hearn was born in 1850 under the name Patrick Lafcadio Hearn Tessima Carlos on the Greek island and Leocadia Leucas. His father, an Irishman, was a British military doctor, and his mother a Greek woman from an aristocratic family. Hearn grew up in France and Great Britain, the contact with his mother was of the Protestant family of the father already stopped early.
the age of 19 years went to the blind in one eye and on top of that lame knee Hearn in the United States, where he fought as a seller, printers, copy assistant, writer and author. He married a former African American slave and landed in New Orleans, where he lived out his fascination with the Creole and African-American culture. He wrote for various magazines and tabloids, researched criminal acts, toured the Caribbean for the purpose of research and could eventually travel from Martinique to Japan.
After the break with Harper's Magazine Hearn got a job as a teacher provided by the government in the Meiji era, many Western teachers for the newly established universities and sought scientific institutions. Hearn landed in Matsue in Shimane Prefecture, which he always called the old regional name Izumo. The place was sacred to him, he always came back to that. He married a Japanese woman and adopted the Japanese name Yakumo Koizumi - now every child knows that name in Japan and the legends that Hearn noted in writing.
Hearn taught English in Kumamoto in Kyushu and in Kobe and at the Imperial University in Tokyo. On 26 September 1904 he died of a sudden deafness. Much of what we know about the change from the old Japan, Nippon legendary thanks to today's modern nation, we the long letter Koizumi Yakumos. During his lifetime he was so pretty but without success. From about 1603 to 1868 Japan was sealed off from the rest of the world. Under the hegemony of the Tokugawa family was united Japan after years of war more or less, and the Shogun was in the new capital of Edo, now Tokyo down. The country was in Daimyate (counties), subdivided the so-called Han, which were controlled by a few powerful rulers.
The Shogun supported them, but at the same time she held under strict control. This system is referred to by historians as Bakuhan-system (such as Baku bakufu / shogunate, as Han Han / Daimyat). It was the daimyo, the Rulers of smaller regions, territories and their power, but they fixed it exactly the same time, so that the country remained in relative peace.
As pressure kept the Shogun always some family members of the daimyo feudal lords in Edo, and let the parade every few years in the capital and reside there. This system had been hostage to some extent practiced in the earlier years of the war and is known as Sankin Kotai. Ultimately, was the continued maintenance of the many palaces in Edo crucial and made the former fishing village on the edge of a swamp to a fast economically strong city.
The main instrument of the new Tokugawa government proved to be the third under the Tokugawa Shogun reached closure of the country Sakoku. No Japanese was allowed to maintain contact with foreign countries, and no foreigner was allowed to be in Japan. The aim was to get that none of the smaller feudal weapons by the British or Dutch could, supporting the stability of the country.
addition, all attempts of Christian Mission will be prevented from the start, as the shogunate was assumed that the missionaries of the common people against the authorities incite würden.Der absolute claims of Christianity as a threat to the social fabric has been felt. Only the ruling Tokugawa reserved the right to Dutch to provide traders on a small island off Nagasaki residence and trade.
The island of Dejima was heaped solely for that purpose, and foreign traders and scholars were allowed to venture out at best, accompanied by interpreters and other government employees from there to the actual Japanese islands.
This system worked long at the 250-year good. The imperial court in Kyoto was limited to purely ceremonial duties and the nobility of the sword could only operate within strict limits. The social system knew several classes. While the needle was considered the highest, farmers and artisans also enjoyed a good Reputation and formed the social middle class. Merchants and traders on the other hand holds the lowest rank, because as non-producing population with large financial resources have always been suspect.
1854 Commodore Perry arrived with his fleet of "black ships" from Japan and forced by his mere presence, the opening of the country to foreigners. The Tokugawa regime was indeed able to get inside relative peace, but Japan was not as a nation behind the Shogun. The landing of the Black Ships was the signal for the opposition to rebel. The ensuing rebellion did not come from the daimyo, but by their vassals, the samurai of lower rank, who demanded the establishment of the emperor in his former positions. There followed 14 years of wars and alliances and strengthening of the imperial court. To the person of the emperor was a nationalism that brought 1868, the Bakufu to give up and brought the young Emperor Meiji to power.
The new regime of Japan had recognized that the scientific and technical progress of the Western countries not only worthy of imitation, but the projection of the West was also liftable. Following a restructuring of the country took the government so many foreign experts as possible to Japan. Financial specialists, scientists in all fields, artists, researchers, writers, Philologists and philosophers, architects and weapons technicians were recruited to share their knowledge at the newly founded universities.
Administratively, the country was in the state by the early eighth Century moved around, as directed by a minister of the imperial court to the right and the left the fate of a minister. Instead of the ministers were founded all ministries, and the daimyo were relieved of all rights and obligations. From the feudal society, a civil society. It took about a decade, was completed by the change. Many of the samurai could not fit into the new system, and it came in the 1870s and over again in riots. These were founded in 1872 the army of conscripts down, but had also the militarization of Japan for the episode.
succeeded with the help of Western advisers to ultimately establish an efficient administration, a modern school and university system, a powerful army and a navy. The foundations for the development of modern industry and commerce were created, and the state supported the economy. The motto of the time was Fukoku Kyohei, a rich country and strong army. fell during this period Lafcadio Hearn's arrival in Japan. The writer learned about the remnants of the old, feudal Japan know, that was cut off so long from the West, but saw in himself, his presence and his work already change Japan into a modern nation. The industrialization of Japan was initially very slow, since money was scarce and the government just launched projects were quickly into private hands.
heavy industry, for example, could develop only after the First World War. Together with Western knowledge and ideas were also organizations such as workers' representatives and a critical press to Japan what the enthusiasm of the Meiji reformers somewhat slowed. The contract negotiations with Western powers for the purpose of trading permits and stay turned out to be not entirely free of malice.
1890 was finally the one year previously announced Meiji Constitution. A new two-chamber parliament took the place of the Shogun and the Emperor was merely responsible. The influence of the people was set in a relatively narrow limits, while the political, bureaucratic and military elites enjoyed more freedom.
Author: http://www.contentworld.com/authors/profile/6441/
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